Hey @Ognjen_Babic 
Glad you came across my guide here.
From what I can see, you’re almost right. However, you use a mix of Xdebug v2 and v3 settings in your FPM ini file (the CLI ini looks right)
The following options might work:
zend_extension = xdebug.so
xdebug.mode = develop,debug
xdebug.start_with_request = yes
xdebug.discover_client_host = 1
xdebug.client_host = host.docker.internal
xdebug.client_port = 9003
(the last 2 lines changed)
After that, please restart the docker container to apply the changes to all php services:
docker restart devkinsta_fpm